Ethics Organ retention in research Essay Example

Ethics: Organ retention in research Essay Introduction: In Norway may 2014, there was a dirt described foremost by one of the biggest newspaper in Norway VG, in the paper it was written that the Forensic Institute in Norway ( now under folkehelseinstitutet ) has consistently taken out parts of the encephalon, bosom and other variety meats from 700 dead kids organic structures for research. This happened without the consent of parents or relations. The stuffs of the dead kids are stored in a research bank called SIDS biobank. The pattern has been traveling on for 30 old ages. Documentation VG ( newspaper ) has obtained shows that the pattern at the largest forensic section has been running since 1984, when SIDS epidemic raged in the state. The purpose of the research was to work out SIDS conundrum. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics: Organ retention in research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics: Organ retention in research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics: Organ retention in research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The kids that have been researched on died out of the blue when they were between nothing and three old ages old. The description of the research shows that scientists thought it would be excessively nerve-racking for the households to be asked for consent. Fractionated variety meats and samples from the organic structures of the dead kids form the footing for a assortment of research undertakings. Brains and Black Marias of the kids have been removed from their organic structures, and become fixated. From encephalon it is taken out 10 to 15 spots. These has been divided into approximately 2.5 centimeters long and 2 millimeter midst pieces and stored for research intent. It has besides been taken extended sums of tissue samples from the lungs, kidneys, liver and other variety meats from the legal autopsied kids. [ 1 ] Forensic probes of immature kids who die out of the blue is performed at the state s largest infirmaries, but It s merely FHI who have stored big sums of stuff from the dead for research over clip. Because the decease was unexpected, the constabulary and prosecuting officers requested an necropsy. In connexion with it has forensic relinquished kid s organic structure to relatives without encephalons, and some instances bosom and other variety meats and replaced the losing stuff with Si for burial. While hospital necropsies are purely regulated, they conduct research for right necropsies without clear statute law. [ 2 ] Facts: The medical tester at the NIPH necropsy yearly around 20-25 of the about 40 kids from 0 to 3 old ages who are forensic necropsy in Norway. Most of the kids have died all of a sudden and out of the blue. When kids die all of a sudden and out of the blue, the constabulary must be notified. As portion of the probe hunger constabulary forensic necropsy, which is important in order to find cause of decease. It s the constabulary who decide whether it will be implemented forensic necropsy, and this is non something parents can make up ones mind. Most parents besides want to cognize for themself what the kid died of. There has been a crisp decrease in the figure of SIDS instances in Norway from the 1980s. The incidence averaged 1.9 per 1,000 unrecorded births from 1986 to 1990, and fell to 0.4 in period 1996-2000. [ 3 ] In this paper I will take for me the ethical and legal quandary this instance convey Forth. If the actions of the forensic research workers in this instance justifiable, both morally and lawfully? What would hold been the effects of traveling by the book , go forthing either acquiring consent or non utilizing the remains at all? And at the terminal discuss how this instance differs from Alder hey dirt which was a similar instance in UK. Research, cognition and moralss: It is a known fact that scientific discipline would non hold developed about every bit rapidly if it wasn’t for how bounds are sometimes dead set to ease the research. Leonardo Da Vinci did sculpt robbery to analyze anatomy, which was against the church and hence the jurisprudence. [ 4 ] In ancient India, medical specialty had developed far compared to many other topographic points in the universe, but their anatomical cognition was impaired, due to Torahs against research on the dead. Had scientists done what Da Vinci did, it might hold been a different instance in ancient India. Research on human tissue is necessary to better our cognition of the cause of disease and decease, but the professional has to run within cultural and moral boundaries of the people. The boundaries of what is ethically acceptable research, does non look as coloured lines on maps, they must be subscribed in each instance based on an appraisal of current cognition and norms. Ethical considerations are merely evaluations, and we must accept that. Ethically justifiable Imagine the state of affairs of the parents for the minute. Their child merely died unexpected. Something incredible has happened. They can hardly penetrate that their kid is gone, nor do they desire to believe about or be after a funeral. Then, a medical personal asks to cut and utilize parts of the child’s organic structure. This is intelligibly difficult to even reply for the parents. Is is so ethical to inquire the parents/next of family at this point to compose a consent to utilize tissue from their dead babe to be researched on? Although one might at least in earlier times wanted to protect parents from holding to take portion in determinations like that, i think that at least in recent old ages has proven that merely being able to be involved in taking such a determination, merely being able to be with and assist research to go on, merely so we can take stairss frontward so that others might non see the calamity that parents who have lost a kid, really experiencing in t his state of affairs, that you really want to take part and lend to that others do non see it yes, it is merely this intersection between what we want to cognize, and what we need to cognize, really of import. This is an issue which has spiked heated statements, due to its arguable moral, empathetic and legal quandary. Experience from conversations with parents who have lost a kid and where the kid has been necropsies show that they want to acquire every bit much information about the cause of deformity / decease if possible. The necropsy of the kid will assist with function of the cause of decease. Many of the parents are besides believing that the consequences of the scrutinies will make other parents good, and that the consequences of the necropsy, if possible should be used to forestall deceases. [ 5 ] So if we were to insulate the job from the state of affairs, and the parents were asked if the remains could be used for science/ organ contribution would be something they would be all right with, what would be the reply? And what if the kid would hold grown up, how probably would it be that he/she would be all right with organ contribution? A survey in U.K showed 90 % of people were all right with donating their variety meats, although manner fewer really acquire around to making it. [ 6 ] Therefore, one might state that it is likely the kid would hold agreed, had he/she grown up. And as a wellness attention professional, our chief responsibility is non to the family/friends of the patient, it is to the patient, the diseased. Rough as it might look, one might warrant traveling against the want of the household, for the want of the patient. Theoretically of class, I n pattern, this statement would be slaughtered. It is known fact that in Norway most of the people do state yes research intents besides in the instance of utilizing human tissue after necropsy of SIDS kids. When the parents were asked about this they were willing to accept every bit long as they are asked and informed. [ 7 ] An issue here is how people of some faiths believe that the organic structure will necessitate to be buried whole, if non the psyche can non offend to the following universe. [ 8 ] Everyone is entitled to their ain beliefs, and when no consent is asked for, these rules and beliefs are overlooked and ignored. The demand for informed consent is that the demand for ethical reappraisal, a inquiry of trust. The research workers must demo that they are trusty. Everyone must experience confident that the research is non go oning behind their dorsums. So what about the practical side? Is this ever executable? What about stuff from the deceased? We risk that such rigorous demands lead to of import research becomes impossible? What differentiation between research and quality confidence? And how good you have to inform that the consent must be informed? Basically one must supply adequate information for the parents/next of family is able to do a existent pick Laws in Norway In Norway there are two types of legal necropsy: Autopsies at the infirmary when the go toing physician requesting that it should done an necropsy. The necropsy is so performed by a physician at the section of Pathology. Patients and their following of family may decline to ( infirmary ) necropsy. When the constabulary ask for forensic necropsy. Parents/next of kin should if possible be notified of the decease and told that it will be performed autopsy. Relatives can’t decline a ( forensic ) necropsy. This applies to alleged unnatural deceases. This includes, among other deceases where the cause of decease is unknown and decease has occurred all of a sudden and out of the blue, whether this is at place or in infirmary. This besides applies to decease in terrible ill kids where the decease is unexpected. In instance of decease by accident and where suspected abuse normally forensic necropsy is done. If there is intuition of mistake, carelessness or accident by scrutiny and intervention of unwellness or hurt will besides by and large do a forensic necropsy. [ 9 ] Research associated with forensic necropsies is non covered in jurisprudence as distinguishable from hospital necropsies. it non needed a parental consent. Does that intend that it is illegal? . In this instance we have to retrieve that the autopsy’s was legal, but instead the keeping of tissue for research intent does non hold any legal ordinances. About information to relatives sing research on stuff taken out by forensic necropsies on kids. Research on human biological stuff from deceased is governed by the Health Research Act  § 21, which states that the commissariats of the Act and its organ transplant ordinances apply. In ordinances on necropsy  § 5 2nd paragraph it says that the following of family of the deceased should be informed that they have the right to choose out research on stuff removed at necropsy. It farther provinces of Regulations  § 6, 2nd paragraph that it tapped biological stuff can non be used for research if the following of families have reserved against this. The Health Research Act  § 21 refers to the reserve policies in transplant jurisprudence and ordinances after organ transplant jurisprudence. Therefore, non necessary consent before the stuff is removed from the asleep and used for research. It is sufficient that the relations be allowed to choose out. They households should be informed that they have the right to choose out, and biological stuff can non be used for research if the relations have expressed that they do non desire this. This besides applies to research related to forensic necropsy of kids. Research on biological stuff collected by forensic necropsy of kids will this will be covered by the Health Research Act  § 21 and related Torahs and ordinances. This means that dependants are entitled to information about the ability to choose out research on stuff from their asleep kids. [ 10 ] Harmonizing to Act 21 it is clearly stated that that the households should be informed, and has the right to choose out, the job with this clause is that there is no reference of the Medical Director is committed in progress to inform patients and / or relatives about this refusal right. This is unfortunate, since it leaves room for this sort of disclaimer like professor Torleiv Ole Rognum brought in connexion with the inquiry of why the section does non inform the relations about what happens during an necropsy and what happens to the organic structures? We are non concealing anything. There is prepared an information binder that contains all such information. But the relations do non acquire this booklet or information if they do non inquire for it. [ 11 ] How does this instance differ from Alder Hey instance? : In 1999 it emerged that assorted whole variety meats, including Black Marias and encephalons, had been removed at autopsy from kids at Alder Hey Hospital in Liverpool without the cognition and consent of parents. Parents buried their kids without cognizing that many had been systematically stripped of their variety meats. [ 12 ] A important difference between the two instances is that the Alder Hey narrative, as the intelligence came out, were viewed as a complete dirt. Media decided to swing it wholly in the way of how this was a monstrous thing that the physicians had done. It was blown up to proportions which caused tonss of parents to name the infirmaries to acquire information on station mortems and what had happened, which are in no manner suited for non-healthcare professionals. [ 13 ] The ripple effects of the media narrative caused an unneeded nicety, with small or no positive benefit. The full affair could hold been dealt with wholly juridical, where the voices of the parents would be heard, and the infirmary could be able to reply it decently. After all, this is, as the Norse instance, a genuinely hard affair, giving birth to several different quandary, as we have already talked about. If the intelligence would hold come out during such a test, instead than exposing it to the universe before all t he facts were on the tabular array, this would hold been much easier and solved better than it was. The contrast to the Norse instance, is that media was brought in at a much slower gait. The media coverage was mostly during the tests, documenting the accounts that were given to the tribunal. Unfortunately, VG , the Norse newspaper is besides non impartial and chose the side of the parents, as in the Alder Hey instance. The job with such a black and white attack, is that the full medical society is forced to, officially, agree with the public position. Those who chose to endorse the tabu research pattern, hazard to be alienated from the medical research community and society. This goes for all instances where media put such a bad cast, on one sentiment, and a good for the other. But in this instance the disaffection is even more terrible, since the Norse Forensic Institute, is a much smaller society than out public society. Decision: Research on tissue samples taken at forensic necropsies is non regulated in the same manner as during infirmary necropsies. All research undertakings have received the necessary licenses from the Regional Ethics Committee ( REC ) , which has besides given an freedom for demand of parental consent for research. REK is the variety meats that is at that place to implement the Health Research Act and is those who have the concluding word in such affairs. The stuff under probe has been gathered over a period of 30 old ages. It is of import to set this in a historical context. In the 80s when SIDS raged epidemic and both parents, wellness professionals and research workers urgently wanted to happen out what the cause and what could be done to forestall new SIDS instance. At that it was the parents who collected money for the research intent. The legislative footing for research and consent was besides wholly different in this clip. It was non required for parental consent for research, whe ther in hospital necropsies or forensic necropsies. The legislative footing has since changed. Based on the information in the instance, the relations were non routinely informed about the extra extraction of stuff for research in connexion with forensic necropsies. All relations are non given the chance to choose out of research stuff. In add-on there has been a loophole in the jurisprudence modulating consent. The loophole is that there is no clear guidelines on whose duty is it to give the information to the parents/relatives. This is contrary to Regulations on necropsy  §Ã‚ § 5 and 6, ref. the Health Research Act  § 21. So in this instance the keeping of tissue without informing the parents/ relatives about the chance to reserve from such research is illegal, Norway in 2014 made new ordinances to cover up the loophole in the jurisprudence, and now under the graft and organ contribution jurisprudence it is covered with that consent is needed to make research, even after forensic autopsy’s. Refrences: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/forskningsavsloeringen/forsket-uten-samtykke-i-30-aar/a/10123917/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/forskningsavsloeringen/jurister-hevder-rettsmedisinernes-innsamling-er-ulovlig/a/10124217/ www.ssb.no hypertext transfer protocol: //www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/h1005/leof00/ hypertext transfer protocol: //lub.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/obduksjon-av-fostre-og-barn-informasjon-til-foreldre.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //cambridgeglobalist.org/2014/11/02/organ-donation-questions/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/Nar-doden-tjener-livet-7586102.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741267_6 hypertext transfer protocol: //lub.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Informasjonsskriv-til-helsepersoenll-obduksjon.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-20-44 # KAPITTEL_2 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/har-endret-prosedyrene/a/4916127/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119560/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theguardian.com/uk/alderhey hypertext transfer protocol: //adc.bmj.com/content/84/6/455.full hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1136723.stm hypertext transfer protocol: //jme.bmj.com/content/30/5/463.full hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.essex.ac.uk/clc/hi/childright/article/004.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/250914/0012_i.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //adc.bmj.com/content/84/6/455.full hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vg.no/nyheter/meninger/forskningsavsloeringen/debatt-forskning-er-ikke-etterforskning/a/23241956/

A Brief Look at Italian History

A Brief Look at Italian History The history of Italy is characterized by two periods of unity- the Roman Empire (27 BCE–476 CE) and the modern democratic republic formed after the end of World War II. Between those two periods may have been a millennium and a half of division and disruption, but that disruption saw one of the worlds great flowering of art, the Renaissance (circa 1400–1600 CE). Italy, sitting in southwestern Europe, is comprised largely of a boot-shaped peninsula that extends out into the Mediterranean, as well as a region on the core landmass of the continent. It is bordered by Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea to the east, France and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean to the south. Italy also includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Roman Empire Between the sixth to third centuries BCE, the Italian city of Rome conquered Peninsular Italy; over the next few centuries, this empire spread to dominate the Mediterranean and Western Europe. The Roman Empire would go on to define much of Europes history, leaving a mark on culture and society that outlasted the military and political machinations of its leadership. After the Italian part of the Roman Empire declined and â€Å"fell† in the fifth century (an event no one at the time realized was so significant), Italy was the target of several invasions. The previously united region broke apart into several smaller bodies, including the Papal States, governed by the Catholic Pope. Renaissance and the Kingdom of Italy By the eighth and ninth centuries, a number of powerful and trading-oriented city-states emerged, including Florence, Venice, and Genoa; these were the forces that incubated the Renaissance. Italy and its smaller states also went through stages of foreign domination. These smaller states were the fertile grounds of the Renaissance, which changed Europe massively once more and owed a lot to the competing states trying to outspend each other on glorious art and architecture. Unification and independence movements throughout Italy developed ever stronger voices in the 19th century after Napoleon created the short-lived Kingdom of Italy. A war between Austria and France in 1859 allowed several small states to merge with Piedmont; a tipping point had been reached and the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861, growing by 1870- when the Papal States joined- to cover almost all of what we now call Italy. Mussolini and Modern Italy The Kingdom of Italy was subverted when Mussolini took power as a fascist dictator, and although he was initially skeptical of German dictator Adolf Hitler, Mussolini took Italy into World War II rather than risk losing out on what he perceived as a land grab. That choice caused his downfall. Modern Italy is now a democratic republic and has been since the modern constitution came into effect in 1948. This followed a referendum in 1946, which voted to abolish the previous monarchy by 12.7 million to 10.7 million votes. Key Rulers Julius Caesar c. 100 BCE–44 BCE A great general and statesman, Julius Caesar won a civil war to become both sole ruler of the extensive Roman domains and dictator for life, setting in motion a process of transformation that led to the creation of the Roman Empire. He was assassinated by enemies and is arguably the most famous ancient Roman. Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807–1882 After exile in South America, forced upon him because of his role in an attempted republican revolution, Guiseppi Garibaldi commanded forces in several Italian conflicts of the 19th century. He played an important role in Italian unification when he and his volunteer army of â€Å"Redshirts† captured Sicily and Naples and allowed them to join the Kingdom of Italy. Although Garibaldi fell out with the new king, in 1862, he was offered a command in the U.S. Civil War by President Abraham Lincoln. That never occurred because Lincoln wouldnt agree to abolish slavery at that early date. Benito Mussolini 1883–1945 Mussolini became the youngest-ever prime minister of Italy in 1922, using his fascist organization of â€Å"Blackshirts† to propel him to power. He transformed the office into a dictatorship and allied with Hitler’s Germany, but was forced to flee when World War II turned Italy against him. He was captured and executed.

Salem Witch Trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salem Witch Trials - Essay Example There were even those who were wrongfully accused but were able to save their lives as they accepted that they had indulged in the act. These incidences took place in the region of Salem and these incidences were recognized as Salem Witch Trials. On the front the main reason for executing individuals was witchcraft, but the main reasons that are rational in nature are quite different. The rational reasons for the incidences of Salem Witch Trials include: post traumatic stress and disease called ergotism. Body The main cause of Salem Witch Trials was that two girls named Betty Parris along with her cousin accused an Indian slave named Tituba for practicing witchcraft on them and due to her practices; they ended up acting in an abnormal manner. There are various theories that explain why the girls were acting in an abnormal manner. Linda R. Caporael in her article titled as â€Å"Ergotism: The Satan Loosed in Salem?† states that those girls who resided in the region of Salem wer e acting in abnormal manner because they were experiencing a disease recognized as ergotism (Caporael 1). These girls were experiencing ergotism because they had consumed bread that was affected by a fungus called ergot. The bread they consumed was made out of the rye grains on which the fungus had spread and these grains mostly grow during summers as well as warm springs. The symptoms of the disease called Ergotism are similar to the manner in which the girls who were thought to be under the control of the devil were experiencing. These symptoms includes: experience of something crawling inside the skin, headaches, experience of hallucinations and others. Since the behavior exhibited by the girls is similar to the symptoms experienced by those who experience ergotism, it is plausible that the girls were not under any spell and were experiencing ergotism. Another possible explanation of the events of the Salem Witch Trials has been provided by Mary Beth Norton in her article titled as â€Å"They called it Witchcraft† (Goss 63). She states that issues experienced by a human in their everyday life are quite commonly associated to witchcraft and similar practices. She further argues that these events are a response to the issue of post traumatic stress disorder experienced by the individuals as they were exposed to the war that took place between the American Indians and the Puritans. This is possibly a rational reason because those who were first held responsible for witchcraft mostly included Indian women including Tituba. Tituba and other American Indians were held responsible because Puritians did not like them due to the war and because the puritans were of the idea that these Indians were people who were chosen by God. The girls who accused Tituba as well as other Indian slaves might be holding a grudge against the Indian because they might be holding them for the death of their loved ones in the war. Another possible reason that can be attributed to the events of Salem Witch Trials is boredom (Roach xxiv). Those who are said to be under the spell were mostly young teenage females who had little or no entertainment and were always practicing religion and were not allowed to experience entertainment because of the rules of the Church. These teenagers might have thought that accusing Indian slaves of indulging in the act of Witchcraft might bring entertainment to their lives and they might become the center of attention of others. The outcome of these accusations was that several individuals were sent to prison and several of them were even executed for being a part of witchcraft. Conclusion Salem Witch Trials

Applying Systems Thinking to a Public Health Issue Essay

Applying Systems Thinking to a Public Health Issue - Essay Example Communicable disease control and prevention comprises quarantine and isolation, preventive measures, immunization, early interventions, which include public health education, antimicrobial treatment, and other measures. Effective efforts in the control, and prevention of communicable diseases rely on the understanding of the agent causing the disease within the population. This includes the reservoirs, the characteristics, the method of departure of the agent from the sources, the transmission mode of the agent, the method of entry of the agent into the host and the vulnerability of the host to the agent. The use of systems thinking in this program would assist in breaking down barriers between different departments by providing effective ways of solving problems. In order to solve problems effectively, it is critical to identify the real cause of the problem along with the means of solving this problem. Systems thinking emphasizes on the need to focus on the large picture or the systems and structures that cause the occurrence of the problem rather than the behaviors and events related to the problem (Scott, 2006, p.404). This approach of systems thinking ensures effective solving of problems. Systems’ thinking also supports effective communication between the departments thereby integrating the roles between these departments and improves the functionality of the whole organization. It is also imperative that systems thinking provide a more effective leadership platform within the organization as well as the different departments. Effective leadership implies that authority within the organization and in extension; the different departments within the organization are well defined. This helps in providing directions to the individuals within departments and setting out clear departmental rules. Moreover, systems thinking support a more effective planning process that provides

Electric circuit Essay Example for Free

Electric circuit Essay Every time a charged atom hits the net it loses some of its charge, therefore the longer the wire the larger the chance of the charged electrons colliding with the net and losing some of their charge therefore increasing the resistance. Width of wire: The width of a wire will affect the resistance because the wider a wire the more space in the net for the charged electrons to get through without colliding with the net and therefore decreasing the resistance. It is like letting a lot of water out of a small hole; it would go slowly, whereas with a bigger hole it flows out faster. Temperature of wire: The temperature of the wire would affect the resistance because as the wire gets hotter the net begins to vibrate because they are given more energy; this therefore makes it harder for the charged electrons to get through the net without colliding with it and causing resistance. Therefore the higher the temperature the higher the resistance. Material of wire: The material of a wire would affect it resistance because different materials have different resistivity because the have different nets. Some of the nets may have smaller holes that others and this would increase the resistance because there would be a larger chance of the atoms colliding. Similarly some materials may have larger nets, which would mean that there would be a lesser chance of the atoms colliding. The variable that I am going to change is going to be the resistance because I think it will be the easiest to change with the apparatus I have available to me and I think it will give fair results. Research So far I have taken a lot of information from my G. C. S. E.textbook but some of my work has come from the Internet. I used many different search engines but the two main engines, which I used, were www. ask. com and www. google. com and here is some of the information, which I got by using these engines: Resistance alloy data Material Nominal Resistivity Microhm. cm Maximum Operating Temp i C Density g/cm3 Nominal Temp Coeffic. of Resistance. This information was very useful because the type of wire I am going to use is Nickel Chrome and it has a lot of information on it and it tells me its resistivity. Prediction I predict that as the length increases the resistance will also increase in proportion to it. I think this because the longer the wire the longer the net of atoms and therefore the larger the chance of the electrons colliding with the net and losing some of their charge. Therefore if the length is doubled the resistance should also double, because the length of the wire has doubled therefore the amount of atoms will have doubled so the amount of collisions should double. When I draw a graph it should hopefully show that the length is directly proportional to the resistance. The diagram below should show this more clearly: Apparatus Meter rule to measure out the length of the wire. 1-meter length of nickel chrome wire to test its resistivity. Ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the wire. Crocodile clips to connect the ohmmeter to the wire. Wires to connect the ohmmeter to the crocodile clips. Masking tape to stick the wire to the ruler. Preliminary Work I did some tests to see what distance I needed to space my readings at and this is what I got: Length (mm) Resistance (ohms) My preliminary results have shown that altering the length by 10mm is too little because the resistance gain is too uneven, but if I change the length by too much i. e. 500mm the gap is too large. Therefore I am going to take my results every 50mm. I also found that the wires connecting the ohmmeter to the wire had a resistance of 0. 3mm so I will have to To make it a fair test I need to make sure that I keep all of the other variables the same. I will use the same wire every time and in I will use it again in my repeat experiment, so that the width and material of the wire will remain the same. The temperature of the wire will be very hard to keep constant because each time an electron collides with the net its energy change from electrical to heat therefore every time the atoms collide with the electrons the wire will heat up. Hopefully this will not affect my experiment too much because I am only going up to a meter in length therefore it should not heat up too much. Diagram My apparatus will be set up like so: Method 1. First I will gather up all the needed apparatus and set it up as above. 2. Then making sure that one of the crocodile clips is on exactly 0mm and that the other is on exactly 100mm I would take a reading. 3. Before I record the reading I would make sure that the ohmmeter had come to a complete stop and was not flashing. 4. I would the repeat this every 50mm until my I got to 1000mm making sure that the first crocodile clip was always on 0mm. 5. Then I would repeat the whole experiment making sure that I used the same wires so that the width and material of the wire were kept constant. 6. Whilst repeating the experiment I would make sure that I did it in the same place as before because if I repeated it next to a radiator the resistance would go up. Results Length Of Wire (mm) Results 1 (Ohms) Results 2 (Ohms) Average (1dp) (Ohms). Explanation Of Results My first set of results has an anomalous result, which is circled on the first graph. This could be because I did not wait for the ohmmeter to settle and I took the reading too quickly. My second and average set of results are good with no anomalous results and they show a definite relation between the resistance and the length of the wir they show that as the length goes up so does the resistance. In my prediction said that if the length doubles so should the resistance and my first set of results show that at a length of 250mm the resistance was 5. 2W and at a length of 500mm the resistance was 10. 1W which is very close to my predicted answer. Conclusion I think that my experiment went quite well because all my graphs had straight lines showing a strong relationship between the length and the resistance. But I could have improved this method in a couple of ways. For example I should have used pointers instead of crocodile clips because they are far more accurate, this is because they have a far smaller tip than crocodile clips and they would give a more accurate measurement of the wire. Also pointers would not have compressed the wire like crocodile clips. Crocodile clips have a spring in the to keep them shut and this could have compressed the wire therefore increasing the resistance. I also should have been more careful about making sure the wire was taught when I took the readings because if it was loose it would have been a longer length that the one I thought I was reading. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Robotics in Education Essay -- Essays Papers

Robotics in Education Robotics plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the world today. The industrial age of machinery has been transformed into an age of automation combining mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering into the research and development of robotics technology. Practically everything automated today relies upon a robot of sort; automobile engines, personal computers, space exploration, assembly lines, and mining, to name a few. But each robotics advancement has a purpose, not just to function in it’s programming, but also to serve as a step in a stairway of progress. Without something to improve upon, how can progress be made? Anyway it’s looked at, the technology-dependent world today relies on the advancement in robotics as technology controls so much of the world already. Robotics is a research-based field, seeded in education. Education consists of two main parts today: general education, and advanced education. General education includes the basics in math, science, history, language, etc. This form of education is usually learned by a person throughout their K-12 education, and into much of college as well. Advanced education is comprised of more specific field-relative information, and is worked on by upper-level and graduate-level college students. The vast majority of robotics researchers did not receive any engineering training until they reached college, as robotics fits into the advanced education category. But skills such as critical thinking, creativity, and basic engineering skills are not difficult to master and could in fact be incorporated into general education without a problem. These skills are not in the curriculum because most people have not needed... ...s knowledge. Information for the beginner is given throughout the book, but it is still useful for the advanced. Current projects and status’ of the world of robotics are explained in detail. A book intended to inform a research-type person of summed knowledge. Not much relevance to the teaching or learning of robotics as a method. - Baum, Dave. Dave Baum’s Definitive Guide to Lego Mindstorms. Emeryville, Calif. : New York : Apress, 2000. This e-book is a comprehensive overview of the LEGOÂ ® Mindstorms robotics set. Most of the book is used on explaining the various parts to the set. Included are ideas and reasoning behind specifics of the set related to childhood development. Projects and useful ways of using the blocks are listed. Also included is info on how the blocks help develop specific engineering-based skills at such a young age.

Gang Violence among Adolescents

Whenever I see young adolescents loitering or hanging out in streets, doing nothing worthwhile but trying to act tough while showing it to their friends or hurting other people, I feel nothing but regret. They should have been at school, learning things that could help them have a better job and future, or at home helping their family and having fun with them. They could do so much if only they make better use of their time and youth. Local governments are faced with the problems associated with gang violence among adolescents.Preventing adolescents from wasting their lives should be a matter of importance for communities, and this should be prioritized because adolescents can have a better future away from the streets. When crowds of young people gather, they may take a group identity. Other groups or even them, may identify themselves as gangs. Furthermore, cliques tend to identify the formation of a gang as a result of threats or conflicts, police pressure and media coverage.Accor ding to studies, gang behavior is â€Å"situational in nature,† and the attribution of hostile behavior to one gang may further contribute to the formation and identity of a gang. In addition, it may be further solidified once â€Å"neighbors, police, school authorities, and others identify unsupervised groups of young people as gangs† (Short, 1996, p. 3). Preventing young people from being associated with violent gangs have been one of the priorities of communities. Past studies showed that gang violence continue to plague communities as gang-related crimes increased over time.For instance, in 1995, it showed that gang-related homicides increased. From 1979 to 1994 alone, a record of 7,288 gang-related homicides was documented in Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). The proportion of gang-related homicides increased from 18 to 43 percent (Maceo, 1995). These figures alone would tell how worse gang violence has become. Gang violence brings young people to jails. In fa ct, many adolescents have been charged for being involved in criminal activities.Just this year, a 15-year-old student was killed by a young man who was an alleged member of a violent street gang. The 18-year-old suspect, who pleaded guilty, was charged with 30 years in prison (Castaneda, 2009). This scenario should not be the kind of life that young people must have. Families should be the first ones involved as they are the primary influencing factors in the lives of adolescents. In the case mentioned above, the parents of the victim were completely unaware that their son was a member of a gang. They learned about it when it was too late to save their son.Parents should know the things that their children are being involved in, and must find ways to talk to their children about the consequences of joining gangs that tend to be violent. Parents should encourage their children to be involved in more worthwhile activities, such as sports, that would further develop their skills and i mprove their talents and make them better individuals. The community also has responsibilities in preventing the existence of violent gangs. There should be constant patrols especially in dark and derelict areas.It would be also beneficial if there are programs designed to lure young people away from the streets, such as volunteer works or business ventures that would teach adolescents the importance of working and being properly compensated for a good work done. Moreover, a center for young people can help those who are trying to get out of gangs and trying to change. Attention must be focused to those who want a way out because they might be harmed due to their willingness to have a better life. These young people should really have a good, fruitful life that a violent gang can never give them.